![]() The combination of elemental information with electronic and vibrational transitions provides a more robust method to identify artists’ materials in situ. ![]() This allows better identification of mineral-based pigments and some paint binders. Extending the range further into the infrared, out to 2500 nm, provides information on vibrational transitions of various functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carbonate, and methyl groups. Extending the spectral range of reflectance spectroscopy into the UV, 350–400 nm, allows identification of several white pigments since their electronic transitions occur in this region (e.g., zinc white and rutile and anatase forms of titanium white). Prior studies have shown the improved ability to identify artists’ pigments by combining results from X-ray fluorescence (XRF), which provides elemental information, with reflectance spectroscopy in the visible to near infrared (400–1000 nm) that provides information on electronic transitions.
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